App-based Motor Skills Intervention in Primary School and Home Settings

Change in raw scores for each subtest and the total raw score on the Test of Gross Motor Development Third Edition (TGMD-3)

A validated and widely used assessment tool for evaluating fundamental movement skills in children aged 3-10 years. Maximum scores for locomotor skills are 46, ball skills 54, and total gross motor skills 100. In addition, the gross motor index (GMI) scores will be reported.

Change in the perceived motor competence measured using the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence (PMSC)

A validated instrument for children aged 4-8 years. The instrument includes pictorial items aligned with TGMD-3 fundamental movement skills. The maximum score for locomotor skills is 24 points (6 × 4), for ball skills 28 points (7 × 4), and the maximum total score is 52 points.

Change in the device-assessed physical activity using the UKK RM42 accelerometer

The UKK RM42 provides high-resolution data on movement intensity, frequency, and duration, enabling the assessment of total physical activity, time spent in different intensity zones (e.g., light, moderate, vigorous), and sedentary behavior. Accelerometer will be worn on the hip for seven consecutive days during waking hours.

Intervention adherence

User adherence in the app is automatically tracked via the Geego Kids application in both school and home settings. Objective data includes the number and type of movement breaks and physical activity homework videos completed, as well as frequency of use. Adherence to the intervention protocol will be evaluated based on the completion of movement breaks in school settings and homework tasks in home settings. An acceptable level of intervention completion is defined as completion of at least 80% of the intervention tasks in both settings.

Child temperament

Child temperamental traits are assessed using the Very Short Form of the Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ), a validated and widely used parent-report instrument designed for early to middle childhood. The CBQ measures multiple dimensions of temperament, originally adapted from constructs examined in both infants and adults. The parent-reported questionnaire includes 36 items, with a 7-point Likert scale (ranging from 1 = extremely false to 7 = extremely true).

Child motivational factors

Child's motivational factors related to activities are assessed through a parent-reported questionnaire, developed specifically for the purposes of this study. Responses are in a 6-point scale (1 = significantly decreases my child's motivation; 2 = somewhat decreases my child's motivation; 3 = has little or no effect on my child's motivation; 4 = somewhat increases my child's motivation; 5 = significantly increases my child's motivation; 6 = I am unable to say). The questionnaire will consist of 30 items addressing factors describing children's motivation to participate in various physical activities or play.

Family factors

Parent-reported background measures including family income and highest education, family dynamics (parental support, setting limits, communication, parental role modeling), family physical activity habits, digital device usage (the number of devices the child can use, daily sedentary and overall screen time, the level of parental control over the child's device use, and the use of digital devices in parenting practices).