The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the relationship between intraoperative driving pressure and postoperative lung ultrasound scores in patients undergoing robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. During this specific surgery, factors such as pneumoperitoneum and patient positioning can significantly affect respiratory mechanics. Postoperative lung condition will be objectively assessed using the lung ultrasound score (LUS). The findings may provide valuable insights for optimizing intraoperative mechanical ventilation strategies.
Male patients aged between 18 and 80 years.
Patient refusal to participate.
Adult male patients scheduled for elective robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy at Etlik City Hospital.
Cohort
Prospective
Not listed
Change in Lung Ultrasound Score (LUS) From Preoperative Baseline to 24 Hours Postoperatively
The primary outcome is the difference in lung aeration between preoperative baseline (LUS 0, at T0: pre-induction, awake, supine) and 24 hours postoperatively (LUS 2). Lung aeration is evaluated via a 12-region ultrasound protocol; each quadrant is scored 0-3, yielding a total of 0-36 (higher scores indicate worse aeration). This change (LUS 0 to LUS 2) will be correlated with the mean intraoperative driving pressure (ΔP = Pplat - PEEP). Mean ΔP is calculated as the average of measurements obtained at predefined intraoperative milestones: T\_basal (immediately post-intubation), T1 (1st hour, immediately post-establishment of pneumoperitoneum and deep Trendelenburg), T2, T3, T4, T5 (hourly intervals during pneumoperitoneum/Trendelenburg maintenance), and T\_neutral (within 10 minutes post-desufflation, return to supine).
Change in Lung Ultrasound Score (LUS) From Preoperative Baseline(LUS0) to 30 Minutes Postoperatively(LUS1)
This outcome assesses early postoperative lung aeration changes between baseline (LUS 0, at T0: pre-induction, awake, supine) and 30 minutes postoperatively in the post-anesthesia care unit (LUS 1). Aeration is evaluated via a 12-region ultrasound protocol (each quadrant scored 0-3; total 0-36). This acute change (LUS 0 to LUS 1) will be correlated with mean intraoperative driving pressure (ΔP = Pplat - PEEP). Mean ΔP is the average of measurements at specific milestones: T\_basal (immediately post-intubation), T1 (1st hour, post-establishment of pneumoperitoneum and deep Trendelenburg), T2, T3, T4, T5 (hourly maintenance), and T\_neutral (within 10 minutes post-desufflation, return to supine).
Correlation Between Total Anesthesia Duration and Postoperative Changes in Lung Ultrasound Scores (LUS)
This outcome investigates the correlation between total anesthesia/mechanical ventilation duration (measured in minutes from T0: pre-induction to extubation) and changes in lung aeration. The clinical impact of operative time on atelectasis will be evaluated by correlating this duration with early (LUS 0 at T0 to LUS 1 at postop 30 min) and persistent (LUS 0 to LUS 2 at postop 24 hours) LUS changes. The intraoperative timeline includes predefined milestones: T\_basal (post-intubation), T1 (1st hour, post-pneumoperitoneum and deep Trendelenburg), T2, T3, T4, T5 (hourly maintenance), and T\_neutral (post-desufflation, return to supine).
Correlation of Intraoperative Mechanical Power With Changes in Lung Ultrasound Scores (LUS)
This outcome evaluates cumulative energy delivered to the respiratory system (Mechanical Power, MP) during volume-controlled ventilation. Average (MP\_mean) and maximum (MP\_max) MP will be retrospectively calculated via the simplified Gattinoni formula using ventilator data at milestones: T\_basal (immediately post-intubation), T1 (1st hour, post-pneumoperitoneum and deep Trendelenburg), T2, T3, T4, T5 (hourly maintenance), and T\_neutral (post-desufflation). These intraoperative energy metrics will be correlated with early (LUS 0 to LUS 1 at 30 min) and persistent (LUS 0 to LUS 2 at 24 hours) postoperative changes in lung aeration.
Correlation Between Intraoperative Driving Pressure and Arterial Blood Gas Parameters
This outcome assesses immediate physiological impacts of driving pressure (ΔP) changes induced by pneumoperitoneum and deep Trendelenburg. Arterial blood gas (ABG) parameters, specifically pH, PaO2/FiO2 ratio (Horowitz index), PaCO2, and lactate, will be correlated with the ΔP (Pplat - PEEP) measured at exact corresponding milestones: T\_basal (immediately post-intubation), T1 (1st hour, immediately post-establishment of pneumoperitoneum and deep Trendelenburg), T2, T3, T4, T5 (hourly maintenance), and T\_neutral (within 10 minutes post-desufflation, return to supine).
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