This is a pilot study of culturally adapted behavioral activation for adults with depression in primary care setting. As a pilot study following systematic cultural adaptation process, the purpose of this clinical trial is to understand if brief culturally adapted individual intervention based on behavioral activation, can be an acceptable, feasible, and appropriate intervention to reduce depressive symptoms among adults with depression in primary care setting. The main question it aims to answer is:
Is brief culturally adapted behavioral activation intervention delivered by primary care psychologist acceptable, feasible, and appropriate as an evidence based treatment for reducing depressive symptoms among adults with depression in primary care setting?
scored 10 or above on PHQ-9
provide informed consent
having diagnosed of bipolar disorder, psychotic disorders, or substance abuse disorders
Single group
brief culturally adapted behavioral activation
BehavioralThe brief culturally adapted behavioral intervention in this study is a three individual-session intervention, delivered in primary health care center by primary care psychologist. Each session will last 30-45 minutes in face-to-face. During each session, participants will learn about behavioral techniques to reduce depression and enhance well-being, and practice it in their daily life through homework activities.
Participant's and Clinical Provider's Perceived Acceptability as Assessed by Acceptability of Intervention Measure (AIM)
Acceptability is defined as the participant's and clinical provider's perception that a given treatment is agreeable, palatable, or satisfactory and will be measured by Acceptability of Intervention Measure (AIM). AIM consists of four items with five Likert-based responses. The score of the scale will range from 1 to 20 with higher score indicating higher acceptability to the intervention.
Participant's and Clinical Provider's Perceived Feasibility as Assessed by Feasibility of Intervention Measure (FIM)
Feasibility is defined as the perceived extent to which the intervention can be successfully used or carried out in primary care setting from participants and clinical providers' perspectives and will be measured by Feasibility of Intervention Measure (FIM). FIM consists of four items with five Likert-type responses. The score of the scale will range from 1 to 20 with higher score indicating higher feasibility of the intervention.
Participant's and Clinical Provider's Perceived Appropriateness as Assessed by Intervention Appropriateness Measure (IAM)
Appropriateness is defined as the perceived fit, relevance, or compatibility of brief culturally adapted behavioral activation for adults with depression in primary care setting from participant's and clinical provider's perspectives, and measured by Intervention Appropriateness Measure (IAM). IAM consists of four items with five Likert-based responses. The score of the scale will range from 1 to 20 with higher score indicating higher appropriateness of the intervention.
Qualitative Feedback on Acceptability, Feasibility, and Appropriateness from Participants and Clinical Providers as Assessed using Semi-structured Interview
Participants and clinical providers will be asked about their experiences in receiving or providing the intervention through individual qualitative interview to understand their perceived acceptability, feasibility, and appropriateness in a more detailed and comprehensive way.
Change in Depressive Symptoms as Assessed by Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
Participants will fill the PHQ-9 as self-reported questionnaire using paper and pencil format, administered by research assistant. PHQ-9 consists of nine items with four response from 'not at all' (0) to 'nearly every day' (3). The score of the PHQ-9 ranges from 0 to 27 with higher score indicating higher depressive symptoms.
Change in Quality of Life as Assessed by WHO Quality of Life Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF)
Participants will fill the WHOQOL-BREV as self-reported questionnaire using paper and pencil format, administered by research assistant. WHOQOL-BREV consists of 26 items with score on each item ranges from 0 to 5. The scale will produce quality of life profile which consists of overall perception of individual's quality of life, overall perception of individual's health, and four quality of life domains (physical health, psychological, social relationship, and environment). The score is calculated using mean score of each domain, then transformed to 4-20. Higher score of the domain indicates higher quality of life.
Change in Anxiety as Assessed by Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7)
Anxiety is measured using Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) as a self-reported questionnaire using paper and pencil format, administered by research assistant. GAD-7 consists of seven items with four response on each item ranging from 0 to 4. The score of GAD-7 will range from 0 to 21 with higher score indicating higher anxiety.
Change in Depression Diagnosis as Assessed by Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5)
Diagnosis of depression among participants will be compared before and after intervention using SCID-5, administered by primary care psychologist. The result of clinical interview will categorize the participants into active depression or in remission.
Change in Behavioral Activation as Assessed by Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale - Short Form (BADS-SF)
The level of behavioral activation among participants will be tracked through the course of treatment using BADS-SF. Participants will fill the BDS-SF every week at the treatment scheduled time. BADS-SF consists of 9 items with response on each item ranging from 0 to 6. The score of the BADS-SF will range from 0 to 54 with higher score indicating higher activation.
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