Autoimmune Encephalitis

Neuroimmune diseases are more prevalent among women of reproductive age. Studies have shown that neuroimmune diseases may impact fertility. Therefore, effective management of neuroimmune diseases during pregnancy is particularly important. This study included a follow-up period of up to five years in patients with pregnancy-associated neuroimmune disorders. Data collected included relapse frequency, symptomatology, imaging findings, treatment regimens, peripheral blood profiles, EDSS scores, and MRI results. In addition, maternal drug concentrations, postpartum relapse rates, and neonatal development were monitored after delivery. Following the successful completion of the five-year follow-up, the research team plans to continue the prospective epidemiological study with ten-year follow-up phases. The aim of this study is to generate detailed clinical data on pregnancy-associated autoimmune diseases and to equip clinicians with evidence-based strategies for optimizing disease management during the reproductive age.

This study will evaluate the safety, tolerability, preliminary efficacy and pharmacokinetics (PK) of ART5803 in adult participants with a confirmed diagnosis of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis (ANRE) or anti-NMDAR autoantibody-associated psychiatric disease

The goal of this retrospective observational study is to compare brain fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) of patients with autoimmune encephalitis, normal controls and patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The main question it aims to answer is: •is there a specific pattern of brain metabolism in patients with autoimmune encephalitis Participants data and images will be retrospectively collected from hospital records, and FDG-PET images will be analyzed by means of statistical parametric mapping (SPM). Controls will be selected from validated public databases.

Autoimmune encephalitis is a debilitating neurological disorder that usually appears as a rapidly progressive form of brain dysfunction, typically developing in less than six weeks, caused by inflammation in the brain. These conditions show a wide range of clinical and immunological presentations and are generally divided into two main types. The first type includes what are called paraneoplastic syndromes. In these cases, the immune system produces antibodies in response to a tumor that mistakenly target parts of the nervous system. The antibodies are not directly harmful themselves, but they are a sign that the immune system has launched a T-cell-driven attack on brain tissue because it recognizes a protein that's found both in the tumor and in the nervous system. These forms usually follow a single, non-repeating course and tend to respond poorly to treatment, which mostly focuses on removing or treating the underlying tumor and using immunotherapy to reduce the immune response. The second type includes what we more properly call autoimmune encephalitis, where the immune system produces antibodies that directly attack proteins on the surface of neurons or on synaptic receptors in the brain. Unlike in paraneoplastic syndromes, these antibodies are directly responsible for the disease, and they don't usually indicate the presence of a tumor. Most people with this type of autoimmune encephalitis-around 70% to 80%-respond well to treatment with immunotherapy and can make a good or even full recovery. However, in about 20% of cases, the disease can come back or lead to long hospital stays, with a slower or only partial recovery. There is also a third group of autoimmune encephalitides where the antibodies target synaptic proteins. These may or may not be linked to cancer, and the proteins they target are usually found inside the cells rather than on their surface. A fourth group includes what are called seronegative autoimmune encephalitides. These are cases that meet the clinical criteria for autoimmune encephalitis, but no specific antibodies have been identified so far. Among the autoimmune neurological disorders without known antibodies is Susac syndrome, a rare condition that affects the brain, the retina, and the inner ear. It's especially interesting because its features suggest the involvement of antibodies, even though no disease-causing antibodies have yet been found. The diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis is based on clinical signs and symptoms, the detection of specific antibodies in blood or spinal fluid, and, in paraneoplastic cases, identifying the underlying tumor. To detect autoantibodies, doctors use various lab techniques, including immunoblotting and different types of immunofluorescence tests-some based on cultured cells, others on brain tissue from rodents. Despite important progress in recent years, many cases of autoimmune encephalitis remain undiagnosed. One reason is that the disease can begin with vague or incomplete symptoms, making it difficult to recognize. Another issue is that current testing methods might not be sensitive enough to detect all possible antibodies. This means that the group of patients diagnosed with seronegative autoimmune encephalitis might actually include people who have antibodies we just haven't discovered yet. In many cases, especially in the seronegative forms, the exact cause of the disease is still not fully understood. The main goal of this study is to better understand how autoimmune encephalitis develops, especially in cases involving antibodies that target proteins on the surface of brain cells-such as NMDAR, GABABR, AMPAR, LGI1, and DNER-as well as in seronegative autoimmune encephalitis and in Susac syndrome. A second goal is to try to discover new autoantibodies that could explain the disease in patients who currently test negative.

The unhide® Project is a non-interventional, longitudinal research study designed to establish a secure data repository of demographic, health, and lifestyle information from individuals with brain inflammation and related neuroinflammatory conditions. Participants in the United States aged 2 years and older will provide self-reported health data, biometrics, and symptom diaries through the MyDataHelps™ app (branded as unhide® for this study). The goal is to create comprehensive longitudinal profiles to facilitate research into disease subtypes, causes, diagnostics, and potential treatments, as well as to identify potential participants for future optional studies. "Healthy" individuals without brain inflammation are also eligible to participate. The digital health research platform used in this study was originally developed and designed by Solve M.E and was called SolveTogether. The Brain Inflammation Collaborative (BIC) expanded upon Solve M.E.'s work to include related diagnoses, pediatric participants, enhance symptom tracking, and more. BIC and Solve M.E. combined Solve Together and unhide®, to create The unhide® Solve Together Unified Platform in 2025.

Neurological Autoimmune Diseases (NADs) are disorders caused by abnormal immune system attacks on neural tissues, affecting multiple systems including the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and neuromuscular junctions. This study examines clinically significant NADs such as multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein G antibody-related diseases (MOGAD), autoimmune encephalitis (AE), immune-mediated peripheral neuropathy (PN), myasthenia gravis (MG), and idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM). While sharing the core pathogenesis of autoimmune response, these diseases exhibit significant heterogeneity in epidemiological patterns, clinical manifestations, therapeutic approaches, and disease progression. This heterogeneity stems from multiple factors: (1) Differences in immune targets: MS primarily involves T-cell-mediated myelin attack, NMOSD is mainly driven by astrocyte damage caused by anti-AQP4 antibodies, MOGAD results from myelin surface loss mediated by antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoglobulin G, while AE involves synaptic dysfunction due to antibodies against neuronal surface proteins (e.g., anti-NMDA-R antibodies); (2) Genetic-environmental interactions: MS is more prevalent in European and American populations, whereas NMOSD is more aggressive in Asian populations; (3) Variability in treatment response: Some diseases respond well to immunomodulatory therapy, but most still face challenges such as high relapse rates, progressive disability accumulation, and irreversible neurological damage. While randomized controlled trials (RCTs) provide high-quality core evidence for drug registration, their strict inclusion/exclusion criteria, relatively homogeneous patient populations, and short-term observation designs often fail to fully capture the complex disease progression and treatment response patterns in real-world clinical settings. Additionally, long-term RCTs are frequently constrained by economic factors and sustainability challenges. Therefore, conducting comprehensive real-world observational studies (RWS) on NADs-integrating multi-disease cohorts, long-term follow-up data, and diverse clinical practices-holds significant scientific and clinical value for optimizing treatment strategies and improving long-term patient outcomes.

This is an investigator-initiated, single-center, open-label study of C-CAR168, an autologous bi-specific CAR-T therapy targeting CD20 and BCMA, for the treatment of adult patients with central nervous system autoimmune diseases refractory to standard therapy

This is an open label, single-site, dose-escalation study in up to 12 participants with relapsed or refractory Neurological Autoimmune Diseases. This study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the treatment with universal CD19/BCMA CAR T-cells.

Autoimmune Encephalitis is a disorder of the central nervous system caused by bodily substances, called antibodies. Antibodies normally help the body to prevent infections. However, in this disorder, the antibodies turn against the body itself and especially against cells in the brain and disturb the normal brain function. They are therefore called autoantibodies. There is no specific therapy for patients with autoimmune encephalitis so far. At the moment, the symptoms are treated with approved medications such as cortisone and immunotherapies also used in oncology. These therapies are unspecified and aim to reduce the number of autoantibodies and to contain the autoimmune process. In this trial we aim to test a new therapy option: in this therapy the body cells producing autoantibodies will be specifically targeted by a substance called bortezomib. The trial addresses patients with severe autoimmune encephalitis. The aim of the trial is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of bortezomib in patients with severe autoimmune encephalitis.

Prospective cohort study evaluating FDG PET in 56 patients with confirmed autoimmune encephalitis - based on 2016 Graus criteria, and 2021 paraneoplastic neurological syndromes criteria - at the acute phase, before immunomodulating treatment, or within 10 days of treatment initiation.

Anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) encephalitis has been increasingly identified as the second most common type of autoimmune encephalitis after anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis. It presents with acute or subacute onset of epileptic seizures, anterograde amnesia, behavior disturbances, sleep disorders and hyponatremia. In most patients with anti-LGI1 encephalitis, immunotherapy is successful in treating the encephalitis. However, relapses, chronic epilepsy, cognitive declines and psychiatric problems have been reported in some cases. So far, prospective studies to evaluate its clinical outcomes still remain limited. In this project, the investigators will use clinical features and advanced paraclinical examinations to prospectively investigate the clinical outcomes and the associated factors in patients with anti-LGI1 encephalitis.

This is a phase I/IIa study to investigate the safety and preliminary efficacy of intranasal admnistration of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome (hUC-MSC-Exo) for patients with autoimmune encephalitis.

Determine the difference in the modified Rankin score at 16 weeks in participants with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis treated with "first-line" immunomodulatory therapies provided as standard-of-care, and either inebilizumab (investigational agent) or placebo.

Based on the records of traditional Chinese medicine, CBS has the functions of purifying the heart, eliminating phlegm, stimulating bile secretion, and soothing the nerves. It has the ability to alleviate fever, coma, delirium, epilepsy, convulsions in youngsters, dental caries, throat swelling, mouth ulcers, carbuncle, and furuncle. Encephalitis is a neurological condition characterized by widespread or multiple inflammation of brain tissue. The causes of encephalitis are many and can stem from infectious organisms or be induced by autoimmune reactions, the latter being referred to as autoimmune encephalitis (AE). The yearly occurrence rate of encephalitis is 12.6 per 100,000 individuals. Among these cases, approximately 40-50% are caused by infectious factors, whereas 20-30% are attributed to autoimmune encephalitis (AE). The development of viral encephalitis involves the direct invasion of brain tissue by the virus and the immune response of the body to viral antigens. The virus multiplies extensively, leading to the degeneration of neurons, necrosis, the proliferation of glial cells, and the infiltration of inflammatory cells. These severe tissue reactions can result in the formation of demyelinating lesions and damage to blood vessels and the areas surrounding them. Additionally, vascular lesions affect the circulation in the brain and worsen the damage to brain tissue. The development of AE involves several factors, including molecular mimicry, the activation of latent antigen epitopes, the spread of antigen epitopes, and the disruption of the innate immune system caused by persistent pathogen infection. The mechanisms that are clearer can be summarized as follows: (1) Decrease in the number of receptors on the surface due to cross-linking and internalization: Anti-NMDAR antibodies have the ability to attach to NMDAR on the postsynaptic membrane, resulting in a reduction of NMDAR surface density through cross-linking and internalization. This reduction leads to a decrease in NMDAR-mediated current, which in turn causes learning and memory defects. (2) Protein-protein interaction disruption: Anti-LGI1 antibodies can disrupt the binding between LGI1 and ADAM23 on the presynaptic membrane and ADAM22 on the postsynaptic membrane. This disruption leads to a decrease in the density of anti-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR). According to the aforementioned background processes, along with the most recent research, there was a decrease in the abundance of gut flora in patients with AE. Transplanting the fecal bacteria of individuals with anti-NMDAR encephalitis into mice's intestines resulted in cognitive impairment in the animals. This indicates that the brain-gut axis may have a significant role in the development of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. From a clinical perspective, patients consume CBS orally in order to achieve its therapeutic benefits. The primary constituents, bilirubin and bile acid, have been documented to possess regulatory effects on the gut microbiota. Thus, we hypothesize that CBS is probable to have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory impacts on the brain through alterations in the intestinal microbiota and regulation of the brain-gut connection. CBS is expected to decrease the occurrence of symptomatic seizures and enhance the patient's level of consciousness and cognitive abilities.

This study aims to establish an autoimmune encephalitis cohort and observe the prognosis of patients with different subtypes and subgroups (e.g. epilepsy subgroup and teratoma subgroup ). Clinical characteristics, biological samples, and imaging data will be collected to discover blood and imaging biomarkers for providing support for the treatment, early warning, and outcome prediction.

Neurological autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders characterized by the abnormal immune response attacking the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. These diseases exhibit high heterogeneity, diverse clinical presentations, and are challenging to diagnose and manage due to a lack of effective treatments. In this study, the investigators will recruit eight kinds of autoimmune diseases of nervous system including Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD), Myasthenia Gravis (MG), Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM), and multiple sclerosis (MS), autoimmune encephalitis (AE), Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD). Through this study, the investigators aim to discover biomarkers with high sensitivity, specificity, and stability, which can support early diagnosis, disease monitoring, and personalized treatment for neurological autoimmune diseases, thereby improving the quality of life and prognosis for patients.

Antibody-mediated inflammatory diseases of the nervous system (also known as autoimmune diseases of the nervous system) are autoimmune diseases in which autoimmune cells and immune molecules attack the nervous system as the main pathogenic mechanism. In the immune response, pathogenic antibodies acting on autoantigens of the nervous system are collectively referred to as autoantibodies of the nervous system, and antibody-mediated inflammatory diseases of the nervous system can occur in the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and neuromuscular junctions, and muscles. In this study, we will recruit eight kinds of autoimmune diseases of nervous system including Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD), Myasthenia Gravis (MG), Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), idiopathic inflammatory myopathyand (IIM), multiple sclerosis (MS), autoimmune encephalitis (AE), Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) and POEMS Syndrome. B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is expressed on the surface of plasma cells, thus making it an ideal target for targeted therapies. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells against BCMA offers another potential therapeutic option to eliminate plasma cells in patients with neurological autoimmune diseases driven by abnormal antibody who still suffer recurrent attacks from conventional treatments. In the current study, the safety and efficacy of a novel CAR-T cell therapy using CT103A cells, are evaluated in patients with relapsed/refractory antibody-mediated idiopathic inflammatory diseases.

Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is a potentially life-threatening inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) and constitutes 20%-30% of encephalitis cases in adults AE often leads to subacute, severe, and debilitating encephalitis necessitating long-term management in a neurologic intensive care unit (ICU). This study aims to explore the predictive factors for poor clinical outcomes by analyzing the clinical characteristics and prognosis of adult patients with critical AE requiring ICU admission. Prospective observational single center study in neurologic ICU, the second Xiangya hospital, Central South University. All patients admitted to the ICU for probable or confirmed AE (2022 Chinese guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of AE) will be included. Factors associated with a poor prognosis will be identified by multivariate analysis using a logistic regression.

Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) and paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) are rare neuroimmune syndromes with a wide range of clinical presentation but without pathognomonic clinical sign facilitating the diagnosis. A lot of differential diagnoses are possible such as neurodegenerative diseases or viral infections. Although rare the diagnosis of AE or PNS is essential because despite severe neurological symptoms, patients can be cured by appropriate immunotherapy. Autoantibodies highly specific of AE and PNS has been described in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of the patients and can be used as biomarkers of the disease. Their presence can predict an autoimmune origin and in many cases a good prognosis after immunotherapy. However, if some autoantibodies are now well-characterized and industrial kits have been developed to detect them, in numerous cases of highly suspect AE or PNS no specific autoantibodies are identified leading frequently to an inappropriate treatment. Furthermore, as the mechanisms of AE and PNS is still unknown, treatments are not optimal and in some cases inefficient. There is no prognosis biomarker able to predict the patient's sensitivity to immunotherapy and there are only few clues to know how the immune system can provoke the neuropsychiatric symptoms observed in the patients.