Diabete Type 2

Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, is an approved and well-established therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), providing both robust glycemic control and weight reduction. Semaglutide Depot, is a long-acting formulation of semaglutide, designed for once every four weeks administration, intended to reduce treatment burden, and improve adherence supporting sustained glycemic control over time. This Phase I/Ila dose escalation study design to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of Semaglutide Depot in adults with T2DM.

The goal of this Hybrid Type 2 effectiveness-implementation pilot randomized controlled trial is to assess the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of a community-based wellness coaching intervention to prevent type 2 diabetes (T2D) among South Asian (SA) and Black African and Caribbean (BAC) communities in the Peel region of Ontario, Canada. The study evaluates the impact of the intervention on reducing diabetes risk and related intermediate outcomes, including biomarkers, anthropometric measures, well-being, knowledge, health behaviours, and family-level outcomes in participating family dyads. Each SA and BAC family dyad will consist of a primary adult family caregiver aged 18 years or older, who does not have T2D and is not taking pharmacological treatment for blood glucose reduction, and a youth aged 14 to 24 years residing in the same household. The study aims to generate preliminary evidence on both the implementation and effectiveness of the intervention over a 12-month period. Participant dyads of each ethnocultural group (SA and BAC) will be randomly assigned to either the intervention or control arm. During the first six months, participants in the intervention arm will receive biweekly health and wellness coaching delivered by trained community-based coaches, optional group coaching sessions with other participants, weekly motivational messages, and an educational T2D prevention booklet. Participants in the control arm will receive only the educational T2D prevention booklet. Implementation and effectiveness outcomes will be assessed using a mixed-methods approach, integrating qualitative and quantitative data collected at baseline and at the 6- and 12-month post-randomization time points. This approach is intended to generate comprehensive, preliminary evidence on both the implementation and effectiveness components of the health and wellness intervention. Quantitative and mixed-methods analyses will be conducted to provide an integrated understanding of the implementation and effectiveness outcomes studied. Findings from this pilot trial will inform the design of larger, definitive studies to better assess impact and guide future escalation and/or adaptation. Results will be disseminated in multiple formats and tailored to diverse audiences, including community partners, local communities, academics, researchers, and decision-makers.

The intervention group received 12 weeks of continuous remote intervention combined with health education. The control group only received 12 weeks of continuous health education, and the content and frequency were the same as those of the management group. Both groups received instruction at the beginning of the intervention. The intervention group was given priority to continuous walking/running combined with aerobic exercise and swimming. Five to seven sessions per week for 45 minutes each session. Acclimatizations were performed at an intensity of 40%-49% reserve oxygen uptake (VO2R) from weeks 1 to 4, and exercise was performed at an intensity of 50%-59% VO2R from weeks 5 to 12. 5 minutes each of preparation and grooming activities (including joint movement and stretching) for each exercise. Combined with incremental load resistance exercise 2-3 times a week, 8 movements, 2-3 groups each time, repeated 8-10 times/group, with a 2-min rest between groups. The heart rate, RPE (12-13, "fairly easy" to "somewhat laborious") and exercise bracelet were used to monitor the intensity and amount of exercise. The exercise intervention was usually delivered 1-2 h after a meal. The daily medical supervision in the process of management implementation was carried out by trained sports managers through the doctor terminal of "exercise assistant" to collect and monitor the data of the study subjects.

Background. Approximately 80% of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) or arterial hypertension (HTN) do not achieve adequate disease control. Objective. To evaluate the feasibility of a research study assessing the impact of an educational and nursing counseling intervention with a person-centered care (PCC) approach to improve adherence and control in patients with arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus in Colombia. Methods. A pilot randomized controlled clinical trial will be conducted. Adults with DM or HTN enrolled in cardiovascular or metabolic risk programs will be included. A total of 100-200 patients is expected to be recruited. The intervention group will receive counseling and education tailored to their preferences following the PCC approach, while the control group will receive standard care according to the program they belong to. Follow-up will last 6 months, and the primary outcomes to be measured in both groups are: medication adherence, DM control (HbA1c at target levels, change in HbA1c), and HTN control (SBP and DBP at target levels, changes in SBP and DBP). Results. The findings of this study will provide insight into the feasibility of conducting larger-scale studies to evaluate the effectiveness of PCC-based interventions in Colombia.

Evaluate from a clinical and microbiological point of view the effect of an adjunctive therapy based on a thermal-gelling device Pocket-X® Gel (Hyaluronic acid, Poloxamer, 2-Phenoxyethanol, Octedine HCL, Water), in the non-surgical treatment of periodontal defects, in a population of patients with T2DM compared to non-diabetic patients. Determine whether periodontal defect healing is clinically and microbiologically different between T2DM patients and non-diabetic patients; whether periodontal treatment and maintenance can lead to improvement of conditions and stability over time also for diabetic conditions.

Methodology Patient with diabetes 2 with informed consent -convenience sampling over a one year period.The tooth isolated with a rubber dam and the correct disinfection procedures will be used. researcher will do the Access preparation Working length -electronic apex locator (Dentsply Propex II) as well as a radiographic approach. After the canals will be obturated using ZOE sealer and gutta percha and post endodontic restoration is done using composite restoration. Patient is kept on follow up for 7days, 15 days, 30 days ,45 days and 60 days Clinical outcome is measure using periapical radiograph (RVG) Pain is measured using visual analog scale to mark the pain intensity. Data will be analysed statistically To enlarge the root canals (ISO size 20 file) A sterile paper point inside the root canal for one minute until the apex of the root canal is reached Using T.E Buffer, samples will be delivered to the School Of Basic Life Sciences, Sharda University. The samples will be subjected to traditional PCR analysis for the detection of Peptostreptococcus spp. in the root canal. Grouping Following instrumentation, 5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA irrigation will be done. Control group (n=15) The final irrigant will be saline Group 1 (n=15) Irrigation using 5% apple cider vinegar done The final irrigant will be saline Group 2 (n=15) Diode laser is used for disinfection in the presence of saline Group 3 (n=15) Gymnema Sylvestre Mother Tincture Q 1000 CH solution is used for disinfection in the presence of saline Group 4 (n=15) Diode laser is used for disinfection in the presence of 5% apple cider vinegar. The final irrigant will be saline Group 5 (n=15) Diode laser is used for disinfection in the presence of Gymnema Sylvestre Mother Tincture Q 1000 CH solution. The final irrigant will be saline After cleaning and shaping, samples will be collected and sent through T.E. Buffer to the School Of Basic Life Sciences, Sharda University. The samples will be subjected to traditional PCR analysis for the detection of Peptostreptococcus spp. in the root canal.

The goal of this Phase 1 clinical trial is to compare the pharmacokinetics and safety of a fixed-dose combination tablet (ATB-U101) versus co-administration of its individual components in healthy Caucasian adult volunteers. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Is the Cmax of Olmesartan and Dapagliflozin bioequivalent across the three treatment regimens? * Is the AUClast of Olmesartan and Dapagliflozin bioequivalent across the three treatment regimens? Researchers will compare ATB-U101 (fixed-dose combination, 40 mg/10 mg) against two reference co-administrations - ATB-1011+ATB-1012 (Korean-approved Olmetec + Forxiga) and ATB-U1011+ATB-U1012 (US-approved Benicar + Farxiga) - to see if the 90% confidence intervals of the geometric mean ratios for the primary PK parameters fall within the bioequivalence range of 80.00-125.00%. Participants will: * Be admitted to the clinical trial center three times (Days 1, 8, and 15), each separated by a 7-day washout period * Receive a single oral dose of one assigned treatment per period under fasting conditions (minimum 10 hours) with 240 mL of water, in a randomized crossover sequence * Have blood samples collected at up to 18 timepoints per period (up to 48 hours post-dose) for PK analysis * Undergo safety assessments including vital signs, ECG, physical examination, and laboratory tests throughout the study, with a final follow-up visit around Day 21-24

The ARTI-UP study evaluates whether daily consumption of a supplement made from artichoke by-products, rich in hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs), in combination with an energy-restricted Mediterranean diet (erMeDiet), can improve glycaemic control, reduce insulin resistance and contribute to weight loss in subjects with overweight or obesity. In addition, it seeks to understand the biological mechanisms involved using omic techniques and to establish predictive biomarkers that will enable progress towards personalised nutrition strategies.

This study aims to isolate endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from participants with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular complications and to comprehensively characterize EPC dysfunction. Specifically, the study will evaluate maladaptive angiocrine signaling, calcium signaling pathways, and the role of inflammation in EPC function and the progression of atherosclerosis during T2D development. A sub-study will assess EPC functionality by examining endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and activity, as well as the effectiveness of in vitro eNOS gene enhancement.

This clinical trial is a randomized, active controlled, double blind, parallel, multi center, phase 3 study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of monotherapy group of HL1113R1 or HL1113R2 versus HL1113 (Fixed dose combination) in patients with essential hypertension and type II diabetes mellitus

The COMPACT-HTDM study is a parallel, two-arm cluster randomized controlled trial designed to evaluate a comorbidity-oriented integrated primary care management model for elderly patients with coexisting hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus in community health centers and township health centers. The trial aims to determine whether an integrated comorbidity management package can improve metabolic control and cardiovascular risk management compared with usual disease-specific care in routine primary care settings. Clusters are primary care facilities randomized 1:1 to intervention or control by an independent statistician using a computer-generated random sequence. Patients aged 60-74 years with diagnosed hypertension and type 2 diabetes for at least six months and recent use of chronic disease management services at the study site will be recruited through chronic disease registries. The intervention includes comorbidity-focused medication optimization and safety management, integrated lifestyle management, self-management and community support, training for primary care staff, standardized toolkits and workflow embedding, an integrated comorbidity management platform, and feedback/incentive mechanisms. The control group will continue current standard primary care management for hypertension and diabetes under existing national guidelines. Participants will be followed for six months, with possible extension to 12 months for longer-term outcomes. The primary outcome is the proportion of participants achieving both blood pressure and glycemic control targets, defined as SBP/DBP \<130/80 mmHg and HbA1c \<7.0%. Secondary outcomes include BMI, blood lipids, medication adherence, lifestyle behaviors, follow-up completion, referral rate, and safety events such as hypoglycemia and hypotension; implementation outcomes include acceptability, fidelity, and feasibility.

This is a Phase I, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose study in healthy adult participants in Brazil to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and immunogenicity of YN-011. Participants will be randomized to receive a single subcutaneous dose of YN-011 1 mg, YN-011 3 mg, or matching placebo. The study includes screening, approximately 2 days of study-site confinement from the day before dosing to 24 hours after dosing, and outpatient follow-up for 4 weeks. Assessments include safety monitoring, PK blood sampling, PD evaluations, and immunogenicity testing.

Treatment with semaglutide slows down gastric emptying , food remains in the stomach for a longer period of time. This slowing has important implications for anesthesia management. At present, we do not know the optimal duration for discontinuing this medication before surgery and anesthesia to ensure an empty stomach. This is an observational research project, conducted exclusively at the Geneva University Hospitals (HUG). To answer the research question, participation of 38 individuals will be required. The duration of participation for each person is 7 days. To recruit the necessary number of participants, approximately 1.5 years will be needed. This project is being carried out in accordance with Swiss legal requirements and recognized international guidelines. The competent ethics committee has reviewed and approved this project. The project will last 7 day during which the participants will need to come 3 times at the hospital to make gastric ultrasounds. On these days the participants will be asked to have a breakfast between 7 and 8 am including a minimum of bread and/or cereals and/or proteins. After that the participants will be asked to fast for 6 hours for solide food and 2 hours for liquids. If the participants smokes, they must for 12h before the exam. At 2Pm an anesthesiologist will welcome the participant to make the exam at the hospital to evaluate the gastric volume after what the participants will be able to get a small collation and go back home.

English, Hindi and Gujarati

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a crucial role in cardiovascular regulation by modulating heart rate in response to endogenous and environmental stimuli. Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis has been widely used as a non-invasive tool to assess autonomic function and the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. Although the physiological interpretation of some HRV parameters remains debated-particularly the low-frequency (LF) spectral component as an index of sympathetic activation-HRV remains an important method for evaluating autonomic cardiovascular control. Reduced HRV has been associated with adverse outcomes in several pathological conditions and physiologically declines with aging, mainly due to progressive neuronal loss at central and spinal levels. Among conditions characterized by autonomic dysfunction, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) represents a common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and metabolic syndrome. CAN, defined as impairment of autonomic control of the cardiovascular system, develops early in the disease course and is associated with increased mortality and a higher risk of cardiovascular and renal complications. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), initially developed as glucose-lowering agents, have demonstrated significant cardiovascular and renal protective effects beyond glycemic control. Growing evidence suggests that these drugs exert sympathoinhibitory effects that may be beneficial not only in diabetic patients but also in conditions characterized by sympathetic overactivity. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that SGLT2i influence autonomic regulation, including sympathetic control of renal function, with reported improvements in 24-hour blood pressure regulation and HRV parameters. Large randomized trials have further confirmed the cardioprotective effects of SGLT2i therapy. Studies such as EMBODY, EMPEROR-Reduced, and EMPEROR-Preserved have demonstrated improvements in HRV indices and significant reductions in cardiovascular death and hospitalization for heart failure, irrespective of diabetic status. Despite these findings, the mechanisms underlying these benefits remain incompletely understood. While reduced sympathetic activity has been proposed as a key mechanism, emerging evidence suggests that SGLT2i may also enhance vagal modulation. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate, in a larger population, the effects of SGLT2i therapy on sympathovagal balance using both spectral HRV parameters and additional indices, including the parasympathetic nervous system index (PNSi), sympathetic nervous system index (SNSi), and the Baevsky Stress Index.

Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia and affects a growing number of older adults. Although harmful proteins build up in the brain, we still do not fully understand why some brain regions are affected earlier or more severely than others. Many people with Alzheimer's disease also have problems with blood flow and sugar handling in the brain, and these changes may play an important role in disease development. People with type 2 diabetes are at especially high risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and often experience a more severe disease course. This pilot study aims to improve our understanding of how brain blood flow and sugar use are altered in Alzheimer's disease, and whether these changes differ in people with and without type 2 diabetes. We will study three groups: people with Alzheimer's disease without diabetes, people with Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes, and healthy older individuals. By comparing these groups, we aim to identify early brain changes that may contribute to cognitive decline. Participants will undergo advanced brain imaging using positron emission tomography (PET) scans. One scan uses a radioactive sugar tracer to measure how the brain takes up and uses glucose. Importantly, a new non-invasive method will also allow us to estimate how efficiently glucose is transported from the blood into the brain. This is a key process that may be impaired in Alzheimer's disease, but has previously required invasive procedures. The new approach avoids arterial cannulation, making the study safer and more comfortable for participants. A second PET scan will assess brain blood flow and blood vessel function, including how well the vessels can respond to increased demand. Participants will also complete cognitive tests to assess memory and thinking abilities. Ultimately, this research may contribute to earlier diagnosis, better monitoring of disease progression, and development of new treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease.

Acute myocardial infarction (MI) remains one of the leading causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. It most commonly occurs due to acute coronary artery occlusion following rupture or erosion of an atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent thrombus formation. Despite significant advances in reperfusion strategies and guideline-directed pharmacological therapy, patients who survive MI remain at increased risk for adverse cardiovascular outcomes, including heart failure, recurrent myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death. Therefore, additional therapeutic strategies that may improve vascular function, myocardial remodeling, and overall cardiovascular prognosis following MI are of considerable clinical interest. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have recently emerged as an important pharmacological class with significant cardiometabolic benefits. Large randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that SGLT2 inhibitors reduce the risk of hospitalization for heart failure and cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and in patients with heart failure irrespective of diabetic status. The cardioprotective effects of these agents appear to extend beyond glycemic control and include improvements in myocardial energetics, vascular function, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Emerging evidence suggests that SGLT2 inhibitors may also exert beneficial effects on vascular stiffness, endothelial function, and myocardial remodeling. However, data regarding their potential impact on arterial stiffness, endothelial glycocalyx integrity, and myocardial deformation parameters in the early post-myocardial infarction setting remain limited. The primary aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of empagliflozin administration (10 mg daily) on arterial stiffness, endothelial glycocalyx thickness, and myocardial deformation indices of the left ventricle and left atrium during a 12-month follow-up period in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Secondary objectives include: 1. evaluation of the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), defined as cardiovascular death, recurrent myocardial infarction, and acute ischemic stroke; 2. investigation of the association between the occurrence of MACE and vascular and myocardial functional parameters, including indices of arterial stiffness, endothelial glycocalyx integrity, and myocardial strain measurements; and 3. assessment of oxidative stress burden through circulating biomarkers. This prospective observational study will include adult patients diagnosed with acute STEMI who are hospitalized in the Second University Cardiology Clinic of "Attikon" General Hospital. All participants will provide written informed consent prior to enrollment and will receive standard guideline-directed therapy for acute myocardial infarction according to the current European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines. Participants will be allocated into two groups. Group A will include patients receiving empagliflozin 10 mg once daily, initiated either at hospital discharge in patients with concomitant type 2 diabetes mellitus or in patients without diabetes who present with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF \<40%). Group B will serve as the control group and will not receive empagliflozin therapy. The anticipated sample size of the study is 80 patients, with approximately 40 participants in each group. Exclusion criteria include chronic kidney disease with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) \<60 ml/min/1.73 m², active malignancy, autoimmune or autoinflammatory disorders, severe hepatic impairment, and pregnancy or breastfeeding. Participants will undergo detailed evaluation at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months. Arterial stiffness will be assessed through measurement of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) using the Complior SP system, which represents the gold standard non-invasive method for evaluating large-artery stiffness. In addition, 24-hour pulse wave analysis will be performed using the Mobil-O-Graph device to obtain central hemodynamic parameters. Endothelial function will be evaluated through assessment of endothelial glycocalyx thickness in sublingual microvessels using Sidestream Dark Field (SDF) imaging with the GlycoCheck system. Glycocalyx integrity will be quantified by the Perfused Boundary Region (PBR) index, which reflects erythrocyte penetration into the glycocalyx layer and serves as a marker of endothelial barrier dysfunction. Cardiac structure and function will be assessed using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. Global longitudinal strain (GLS) of the left ventricle will be calculated using the standard 17-segment model from apical views, while left atrial strain will be measured to evaluate atrial reservoir and contractile function, providing sensitive markers of myocardial remodeling after infarction

In recent decades, advances in medicine have significantly improved both quality of life and life expectancy. However, these positive effects are also associated with a considerable increase in the prevalence of age-related diseases. Among these, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and type 2 diabetes (T2D) currently represent a major threat to human health. PD and AD are the most common neurodegenerative diseases in industrialized populations. In particular, AD accounts for 54% of all cases of dementia, with a prevalence of 4.4% among individuals over 65 years of age. PD has a prevalence of about 1% in people older than 60 years, reaching up to 4% in those over 80 years of age. AD and PD are highly disabling disorders with a slow but progressive course, caused by the degeneration and/or death of nerve cells. This results in impairments in the control of movement and balance, as in the case of PD, or in cognitive functioning, as in AD. To date, neither effective treatments nor early diagnostic tools are available to address these conditions in the initial phase of neurodegeneration. Likewise, there are no tools capable of monitoring disease progression and improving patients' adaptation to therapy. Moreover, although the association between T2D and the risk of PD and/or AD has long been recognized, these conditions were historically considered unrelated. Recent evidence from clinical and epidemiological studies suggests the existence of shared pathophysiological mechanisms associated with insulin resistance and persistent inflammation in several metabolically relevant tissues, such as adipose tissue and the brain. However, the mechanisms that increase the risk of PD and/or AD in individuals with T2D remain poorly understood. These data highlight how relevant these diseases are for the National Health System and demonstrate that they represent one of the most important priorities to be addressed, requiring substantial investments in both scientific research and early diagnostic strategies. Therefore, the present project proposal, which aims to develop new minimally invasive tools for the early prediction and monitoring of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD and PD, will help fill an important gap in the clinical and therapeutic management of these patients.

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of colchicine and non-enteric coated aspirin, combined or alone, to improve cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes.

Summary Dates, rich in simple sugars, fiber, and antioxidant polyphenols, have a variable glycemic index and conflicting reported effects on type 2 diabetes. Moderate consumption might raise glycemia if added to the usual diet, but could improve insulin sensitivity and oxidative balance if used as an isocaloric substitute. This prospective, interventional, single-center study (Endocrinology Department., La Rabta Hospital, Tunis) aims to evaluate the effect of daily consumption of 3 Deglet Nour dates for 8 weeks on glycemic control and oxidative stress in 130 well-controlled type 2 diabetic patients. Primary objectives: Assess changes in HbA1c, fasting glucose, and HOMA-IR. Measure variations in oxidative stress markers (MDA, SOD, TAC, pentosidine). Secondary objectives: Monitor changes in weight, BMI, waist circumference, and blood pressure. Assess tolerance, adherence, satisfaction, and adverse events. Study design: Baseline and final visits (week 0 and week 8) with clinical, dietary, and laboratory assessments. Isocaloric substitution: 3 dates replace a carbohydrate portion (e.g., fruit or dessert). No change in antidiabetic therapy or lifestyle allowed. Endpoints: Primary: ΔHbA1c, Δfasting glucose, ΔHOMA-IR, and oxidative markers. Secondary: Anthropometrics, blood pressure, safety, adherence, lipid and metabolic parameters. Expected outcome: determine whether moderate, isocaloric date consumption is safe and potentially beneficial for metabolic control and oxidative balance in Tunisian patients with type 2 diabetes.

This randomized controlled trial (RCT) will determine if access to a voucher for healthy foods reduces blood sugar levels among people living on a low income who have type 2 diabetes or elevated blood sugar.

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial investigates the effects of the probiotic LP-LDL® (Lactobacillus plantarum ECGC 13110402) on lipid metabolism, glycemic control, inflammatory biomarkers, and cognitive function in adults with prediabetes, type 1 diabetes, or type 2 diabetes who also exhibit elevated cholesterol or triglyceride levels. A total of 210 participants will be enrolled across three parallel sub-studies: * Type 1 diabetes (n = 76) * Type 2 diabetes (n = 54) * Prediabetes (n = 80) Participants will be randomized 1:1 to receive LP-LDL® or matching placebo once daily for 12 weeks, followed by a 4-week washout period. Study assessments include fasting blood tests (lipids, glucose, HbA1c, liver enzymes, inflammatory markers), cognitive testing (ACE-III), blood pressure, anthropometry, and stool measurements (microbiome, bile acids, fecal fat). Exploratory analyses include bile acid metabolism, microbiome profiling (16S rRNA), and gene expression of cholesterol transporters ABCG5/ABCG8. The study aims to determine whether LP-LDL® can improve cardiometabolic profiles and cognitive outcomes in these populations, and to clarify the mechanistic pathways underlying metabolic dysfunction, inflammation, and gut-brain communication.

The goal of this observational study is to investigate the clinically convenient dynamic and static measurement parameters to identify related risk factors of developing high peak plantar pressure during walking in the type-2 diabetic patients, and then establish a predictive model to estimate the likelihood of excessive plantar pressure. The main question it aims to answer is: Which clinical measurements may be used as the predictors that increased peak plantar pressure in the type-2 diabetic patients? Participants taking the examinations will understand their own clinally meaningful measurements related to their plantar pressure during walking. Further thorough analysis will be employed to develop a predictive model, aiming to provide potential improvement strategies for preventing diabetic foot ulcers in the future.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Empagliflozin or Glimepiride Combination Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) pathogenesis increasingly involves "diabetic duodenopathy," characterized by proximal intestinal immune and epithelial dysregulation. This study investigates the endoscopic delivery of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) into the duodenum and proximal jejunum as a disease-modifying therapy. By leveraging the paracrine immunomodulatory and regenerative effects of ADMSCs in close proximity to the pancreatico-enteroendocrine system, this targeted approach aims to restore insulin sensitivity and $\\beta$-cell function while minimizing systemic exposure. The clinical safety and feasibility of this novel delivery route remain to be established.