Labor Pain

To estimate the dose of bupivacaine required to achieve initial effective comfort in 90% of patients (ED90) via the epidural (DPE or EPL) technique in women undergoing labor after receiving a lidocaine "test dose"

The primary objective of our study is to use a biased coin up-down allocation methodology to estimate the dose of bupivacaine required after the lidocaine test dose to achieve initial effective comfort in 90% of patients (post test-dose ED90) via the epidural (DPE or EPL) technique in women undergoing labor induction or augmentation; the investigators hypothesize that the investigators will be able to determine the post test-dose ED90 of bupivacaine for each technique with adequate precision to inform the optimal doses to study in a subsequent randomized trial comparing the analgesic effects of DPE vs. EPL. The investigators also hypothesize that the post test-dose ED90 of bupivacaine is lower with a DPE technique than with a conventional epidural technique.

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if finding and marking the best spot on the back early in labor helps doctors perform epidural pain relief more successfully in pregnant women. Usually, epidural pain relief is requested when labor pain is already severe, which makes it hard for women to hold still. This makes it difficult to find the right needle spot, leading to more needle attempts The main questions this study aims to answer are: * Does using ultrasound to mark the back early in labor (before severe pain starts) help the doctor place the needle correctly on first try without adjusting it? * Does this early marking method lower the number of needle attempts and the time it takes to finish the procedure? Researchers will compare marking the back using an ultrasound machine to the standard method of feeling the spine with hands. Both methods will be done early in the waiting room to avoid the challenges caused by severe pain. Importantly, neither the pregnant women nor the doctors performing the epidural will know which marking method was used. This design prevents personal beliefs or expectations from affecting the procedure, making the study results objective and trustworthy. Participants will, if consented and participated in the study: * Have their lower back examined and marked by a doctor early in labor using either an ultrasound machine or the doctor's hands. * Receive an epidural pain relief in the delivery room when they request it. This will be done by a different doctor who does not know how the back was marked. * Answer short questions about their pain level and how happy they are with the procedure.

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of perineal mirror use during the second stage of labor on the duration of the second stage, postpartum recovery, and perceived pain, support, and control levels during delivery. Method: The study was designed as a randomized controlled experimental study to examine the effect of perineal mirror use on delivery outcomes in primiparous women. The study population consisted of primiparous pregnant women admitted to the maternity clinic between June 29, 2026, and October 30, 2026. The sample size was calculated using the G\*Power 3.1.9.2 program with an effect size of 0.50, 5% Type I error, and 95% power level; a total of 72 participants were selected, 36 in the intervention group and 36 in the control group. Considering potential losses, the sample size was increased by 10%, and a total of 80 pregnant women were planned to be included in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention group using a perineal mirror and the control group receiving routine care. The following instruments will be used as data collection tools: Pregnancy Demographic Information Form, REEDA Scale, Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and Perceived Support and Control in Childbirth Scale. Expected Outcome: It is predicted that the perineal mirror may increase the woman's active participation, motivation, and perceived control by allowing her to see the fetal descent and the progress of labor; consequently, it may reduce the duration of active pushing and the duration of the second stage. It is also thought that it may have positive effects on the birth experience, postpartum recovery, and perceived level of support and control. The research results are expected to provide evidence for non-invasive and low-cost applications that can be used in childbirth care.

How perinatal factors affect the long-term development of children has always been an issue of much concern. This study is designed to explore the potential impact of maternal neuraxial labor analgesia exposure on offspring neurodevelopment.

This prospective observational cohort study aims to evaluate the association between postpartum recovery quality and mother-infant bonding in women undergoing vaginal delivery. Postpartum recovery quality will be assessed using the Obstetric Quality of Recovery-10 (ObsQoR-10) questionnaire, and mother-infant bonding will be evaluated using the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ). Participants will be grouped according to routine clinical labor analgesia preference: women receiving labor epidural analgesia and women not receiving epidural analgesia. Additional assessments will include postpartum pain intensity, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and birth satisfaction. Baseline psychological assessments will be performed before delivery. The primary postpartum evaluation will be conducted between 6 and 24 hours after delivery. Exploratory follow-up assessments will be performed by telephone during postpartum week 2. The study aims to better understand the relationship between labor analgesia, postpartum recovery, and early mother-infant bonding outcomes after vaginal delivery.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of midwife-guided birth affirmation cards on labor duration, pain level, fear of childbirth, perceived control, and perceived support in primigravidas. The study seeks to determine whether this non-pharmacological approach used during labor improves the childbirth experience. Accordingly, the research aims to answer the question: "Do midwife-guided birth affirmation cards affect labor duration and the childbirth experience, including pain, fear, perceived control, and perceived support, in primigravidas?"

Aim 3 is a provider-focused pilot randomized controlled trial evaluating a digital storytelling intervention to increase obstetric care providers' empathy and to examine associations with postpartum patient trust. Providers randomized to the intervention view a video of Black women's labor pain and care experiences and complete a brief reflection; control providers receive general culturally sensitive care materials. Outcomes include change in provider empathy (primary) and patient trust among Black postpartum patients under those providers' care (secondary). Risks are minimal and mitigated via consent, voluntary participation, the option to skip questions, and secure data practices.

The aim of the study is to develop a device that can eliminate failed neuraxial placements in challenging patients.The study will attempt to improve safety and efficacy of neuraxial anesthesia with high precision real-time needle visualization through automated real-time needle guidance at the bedside with an experimental device (Accuro 3S). Investigators will verify the clinical workflow for utilizing the Accuro 3S during epidural and spinal procedures and validation of needle visualization while using the device as well as anatomical guidance provided by the device during spinal imaging.The underlying bone imaging enhancement algorithms were introduced in the commercially available FDA approved Accuro. The Accuro 3S will be used to establish needle insertion point and trajectory, after which the clinician will use standard of care methods to advance the needle such as the loss of resistance method.

Continuous remote vital sign monitoring during labour analgesia with remifentanil - a prospective observational study Remifentanil PCA represents a well-tolerated, effective and valuable option for labour analgesia, yet its wider implementation is still limited by concerns of opioid side-effects particularly the risk of respiratory depression leading to desaturation, potentially affecting the foetus. Thus, continuous one-to-one observation and monitoring in the delivery room, with the midwife unable to leave the patient unattended, is recommended. Such constant one-to-one monitoring may be challenging in present health-care settings where staffing constraints may limit the implementation of remifentanil as routine obstetric care. Continuous remote vital sign monitoring to display oxygen saturation (SpO₂), respiratory rate, and heart rate on a handheld device (smartphone), has the potential to address this barrier by allowing the midwife to leave the labour room for short, predefined intervals while maintaining continuous surveillance of maternal vital signs. Such an approach could free staff resources without compromising patient safety. While centralised foetal monitoring (CTG) is standard practice in many units, the application of continuous remote vital sign monitoring for women receiving remifentanil during labour has, to our knowledge, never been formally studied. Objectives The aim is to study whether remote monitoring during remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for labour affects the incidence of maternal desaturation and other safety outcomes (bradypnoea, bradycardia, and neonatal outcomes, assessed via Apgar scores and umbilical cord pH.) The study will be conducted in a setting where remifentanil PCA is administered for labour analgesia and the midwife is permitted to leave the labour room for intervals of up to 10 minutes while the woman is remotely monitored using a handheld device carried by the midwife. Predefined criteria for when the woman must be accompanied (e.g., if SpO₂ \< 94%, supplemental oxygen \>2L/min., or decreased consciousness). Outcomes in this group will be compared with a control group where the midwife remains continuously present in the labour room.

Neuraxial analgesia has shown to be the gold standard for effective labor pain relief, offering numerous benefits including enhanced pain control and maternal satisfaction. The methods to achieve neuraxial analgesia include lumbar epidural (LE), and combined spinal epidural (CSE). While LE may not consistently provide optimal pain relief, leading to frequent maternal requests for supplemental analgesics, CSE presents a promising advancement. This is due to the rapid onset of pain relief from intrathecal components, complemented by the longer-lasting effects of epidural medications. Intrathecal drugs have demonstrated the ability to offer more symmetrical blockades compared to epidurally administered medications. Nonetheless, some clinicians remain cautious about CSE due to the potential for increased pain when transitioning from spinal to less effective epidural analgesia. Long-acting opioids like morphine in the intrathecal space may mitigate this problem by providing transitional analgesia to the laboring parturient. The primary aim of this randomized controlled trial is to provide evidence of whether the addition of 100 mcg of morphine in the intrathecal (spinal) component of CSE reduces the rate of breakthrough pain during labor.

to identify the effectiveness of sacral massage on labor pain, depression, stress, and anxiety: A randomized clinical trial

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for pain management during labor induction by cervical ripening. Labor induction is a common obstetric procedure and cervical ripening may be associated with painful uterine contractions. Non-pharmacological analgesic methods such as TENS could help improve pain management during this phase. However, evidence regarding its effectiveness in this context remains limited. This randomized, controlled, open-label monocentric study will compare the use of TENS in addition to usual analgesic care versus usual analgesic care alone in pregnant women undergoing labor induction with cervical ripening. The primary objective is to assess whether TENS reduces the need for neuraxial analgesia or delays its use during labor.

The investigators propose a parallel group randomized clinical trial of intrapartum nipple stimulation versus exogenous oxytocin infusion for nulliparous women undergoing induction of labor near term. The central hypothesis is that intrapartum nipple stimulation to induce labor increases spontaneous vaginal delivery, improves patient-centered outcomes such as childbirth satisfaction, labor agentry, and pain scores, and reduces adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes in nulliparous women. The investigators will pursue the following specific aims: 1) Assess the effectiveness of intrapartum nipple stimulation on the rate of spontaneous vaginal delivery in nulliparous women, 2) Breastfeeding as the sole source of nutrition at time of maternal hospital discharge (Primary Aims); 3) Maximal percent newborn weight loss during the birth hospitalization within 72 hours of life, 4) Determine the effect of intrapartum nipple stimulation on the rate of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, 5) Determine the impact of intrapartum nipple stimulation on patient-centered outcomes and 6) In a sub-cohort of women who are enrolled in the trial, investigators will measure the change in oxytocin concentration from baseline to time at which patient achieves a regular contraction pattern.

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial aims to compare the analgesic efficacy and obstetric effects of tramadol (100 mg IV) versus paracetamol (1 g IV) versus placebo (saline solution) in nulliparous women during active labor. The primary outcome is duration of active labor (minutes). Secondary outcomes include duration of expulsive phase, type of delivery, need for oxytocin augmentation, maternal adverse events (nausea, vomiting, somnolence, hypotension), and neonatal outcomes (Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes, NICU admission). The study hypothesizes that tramadol significantly reduces active labor duration compared to paracetamol and placebo, without compromising maternal or neonatal safety. A total of 300 nulliparous women (100 per group) will be enrolled at Hospital Escuela, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.

This is a randomized, double-blind, crossover clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) as a non-pharmacological therapeutic intervention for reducing pain in women during the active phase of labor. Nulliparous women with term pregnancies will be randomly assigned to sequences involving TENS intervention and placebo (device off) periods, separated by a washout. The primary outcome is labor pain intensity measured by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Secondary outcomes include duration of the active labor phase, maternal and neonatal safety profile, and childbirth experience satisfaction. The study will be conducted at the Hospital Escuela Universitario from feb 2026 to Ago 2026.

This randomized clinical trial aims to compare the effect of the left lateral decubitus position versus the supine position on the duration of the active phase of labor in nulliparous women. A total of 188 participants will be randomly assigned to one of two groups. The intervention group will be placed in the left lateral decubitus position, while the control group will remain in the supine position. Both positions will be maintained for 30-minute intervals with 5-minute rest periods, continuing until delivery. The primary outcome is the duration of the active phase of labor. Secondary outcomes include rates of cesarean section, use of oxytocin and analgesics, and maternal and neonatal complications.

The purpose of this randomized controlled trial is to compare the efficacy and safety of two epidural analgesia maintenance methods for labor pain relief: Programmed Intermittent Epidural Bolus (PIEB) and Continuous Epidural Infusion (CEI), both combined with Patient-Controlled Epidural Analgesia (PCEA). The study aims to evaluate which technique provides superior analgesia while minimizing anesthetic consumption and preserving maternal motor function. A total of 60 parturients at Family Hospital, Da Nang, will be randomly assigned to either the PIEB or CEI group. Outcomes including pain intensity (VAS scores), total drug consumption, maternal satisfaction, and neonatal Apgar scores will be assessed.

The study will be conducted with pregnant women in the active and transitional phases of labor. In the intervention group, sacral pressure will be applied during contractions, while the control group will receive routine clinical care. Perceived labor pain and maternal satisfaction will be assessed throughout the labor process

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn whether different multi-sensory methods can help lower labor pain and improve comfort and birth satisfaction among pregnant women giving birth vaginally. The main questions this study aims to answer are: Do supportive methods such as massage, lavender aromatherapy, Turkish makam music, or aquarium visual stimulation help women feel less labor pain compared to standard care? Do these methods increase women's comfort and satisfaction during labor? Participants will be randomly assigned to one of five groups: Sacral massage group - will receive 10-minute sacral massages three times during labor. Lavender aromatherapy group - will inhale lavender essential oil through a diffuser for 20 minutes, three times during labor. Music therapy group - will listen to Turkish makam music (Rehavi or Nihavend) for 20 minutes, three times during labor. Visual stimulation group - will watch a live aquarium image continuously during active labor. Control group - will receive standard maternity care only. All participants will give informed consent and receive care in the obstetrics unit of Kütahya City Hospital, Türkiye. Researchers will measure: Labor pain intensity at 4-5 cm, 6-7 cm, and 8-10 cm cervical dilatation using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Comfort level at 8-9 cm using the Comfort Characteristics Questionnaire (CCQ). Birth satisfaction about 2 hours after delivery using the Birth Satisfaction Scale (BSS). Labor duration will also be recorded. This study will help determine which sensory methods are most effective and comfortable for pregnant women, and may guide supportive care practices during childbirth.

This multicenter randomized controlled trial evaluates the effectiveness of music therapy in reducing pain and anxiety during the latent and active phases of labor in Tunisian women. Participants are randomized to receive either music therapy or standard care. Primary outcomes are pain (VAS) and anxiety (STAI-Y). Secondary outcomes include labor duration, maternal and fetal vital signs, neonatal outcomes, and maternal satisfaction.

Combined spinal-epidural (CSE) for labor analgesia has been used for many years and is practiced commonly at our institution, especially when the patient requests immediate pain relief. CSE is not only beneficial for its faster onset of analgesia, but also it is favorable in relation to the need for rescue analgesia, urinary retention, and rate of instrumental delivery compared to the traditional epidural. Despite its beneficial effects, there is a risk of about 15-30% of developing abnormal fetal heart rate following CSE. This is self-resolving with minimal or no intervention. Although the cause of fetal bradycardia is not fully elucidated, variations in uterine artery blood flow after epidural analgesia are thought to be due to the interaction of numerous events related to blockade of sympathetic innervations, fluid administration, maternal hypotension, uterine vascular effects of sympathetic block, fluctuations in circulating catecholamines, and possibly the effect of opioids. Similar mechanism is thought to be a cause of fetal bradycardia after the CSE with its faster onset and superior block. Maternal or fetal circulation during labor can be assessed using continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound to monitor maternal uterine artery (UtA) and fetal umbilical artery (UmA) velocity waveforms to detect changes in blood flow. The velocimetry indices mentioned above have been often used to assess the changes in the blood flow before and after the induction of epidural analgesia during labor in several studies. Although there are some studies regarding the effect of labor epidural analgesia using velocimetry indices, but there is currently no published study evaluating velocimetry indices of uterine and umbilical arteries before and after the induction of CSE. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the impact of CSE to maternal and fetal blood flow to evaluate the relationships. The investigators hypothesize that both uterine artery and umbilical artery blood flow are reduced after the induction of CSE, which may be responsible for the occurrence of fetal bradycardia.

This randomized controlled study aims to compare effects of different essential oils in labor pain, anxiety and childbirth comfort. The main questions it aims to answer are: Is it effective using rosa damascena oil during labor? Is it effective using frankincense oil during labor? Which essential oil is more effective during labor Researchers will compare aromatherapy oils groups to see labor pain, anxiety and childbirth comfort levels of pregnant women.

The latency phase corresponds to the first phase of the first stage of labour, during which the parturient feels regular, rhythmic uterine contractions that are often painful, with or without changes of the cervix. This phase lasts an average of 8 hours for primiparous women, compared with 5 hours for multiparous women, and can last up to twenty hours in total. Cervical ripening corresponds to the medical induction of regular, painful uterine contractions in order to obtain a favourable cervix for the induction of labour. Cervical ripening is carried out either medically (oral or local prostaglandins) or mechanically (double balloon dilatation) and accounts for 69.2% of labour inductions, which in turn account for 25.8% of births. At Amiens-Picardie University Hospital, this maturation stage can last from a few hours to 2 days, depending on the service protocol. What these two stages of childbirth have in common is that they are both painful, with very few analgesic drugs available that can be used without side-effects on the foetus during pregnancy. In recent years, there has also been a growing demand from parturients for the use of non-medicinal therapies. It therefore seems essential to provide parturients with as many effective non-drug methods as possible to manage their pain properly. If virtual reality hypnosis sessions prove to be effective, they will provide better pain management for women in labour, reduce the use of morphine derivatives (with their attendant side-effects, particularly on the foetus), and above all meet the growing demand from women in labour for the most physiological possible support during childbirth.

Although pregnancy and labor are physiological events, the pain caused by uterine contractions during labor is among the most severe pains. This causes many women to fear labor. For this reason, control of labor pain should be one of the main goals of the care given to women in labor. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the effect of sacral massage with a tennis ball on labor pain and labor comfort in the intrapartum period.